Levels of Evidence
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Levels of Evidence
Level of evidence and strength of recommendation: criteria and wording in EBM Guidelines Evidence Summaries - Restrictive transfusion strategies are appropriate for most critically ill patients with varying levels of evidence
- Labour and delivery
- Inhaled corticosteroids in the long-term management of asthma
- Smoking cessation
High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome- Osteoarthritis of the hip and knee
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- Overweight in pregnancy
- Common cold in adults
- Musculoskeletal pain
- Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers
- USPSTF: no evidence of benefit from screening for thyroid disease
- Clinical utility of limited channel sleep studies versus polysomnography for obstructive sleep apnoea
- Acupuncture
- Menopausal symptoms and hormone therapy
- The most important known health risks of smoking
- Excessive hair growth (hirsutism)
- Chlamydia
- Low back pain
- Breast cancer
- Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for adults with multiple sclerosis
- Chronic pain
- Otitis media in children: risk factors and pathogenesis
- Hormonal contraception
- Threatened premature labour
- Cystic fibrosis (CF)
- Permissive hypoxaemia versus normoxaemia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients
- Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children
- Effect of atorvastatin on testosterone levels
- Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients
- Treatment of chronic renal failure
- Topical rubefacients for acute and chronic pain in adults
- Drugs used in alcohol dependence
- Migraine
- Tinnitus
- Tension headache
- Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients
- Endometriosis
- Guillain-Barré syndrome (polyradiculitis)
- USPSTF 2019: insufficient evidence to recommend lead screening in children and pregnant women (I statement)
- Syphilis
- Schizophrenia
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Oral dextrose gel to prevent hypoglycaemia in at‐risk neonates
- Elevated blood pressure in pregnancy (gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia)
- High versus low‐added sugar consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
- Urinary incontinence in women
- Interventions for lowering plasma homocysteine levels in kidney transplant recipients
- Low level laser therapy for nonspecific low-back pain
- Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload
- Oral antidiabetic drugs and GLP-1 analogues
- Proteinuria
- IgA nephropathy
- Intrauterine device
- Exhaled nitric oxide levels to guide treatment for adults with asthma
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for proteinuria and microalbuminuria in people with sickle cell disease
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Urinary tract infections
- Restricting or banning alcohol advertising to reduce alcohol consumption in adults and adolescents
- Hypertension: investigations, treatment initiation and non-pharmacological treatment
- Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)
- Ménière's disease
- EBM Guidelines evidence summaries
- Limited evidence of benefits of vitamin D supplementation
- Long-term management of asthma
- Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia
- Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretrovirals for people with HIV
- Dysmenorrhoea
- Degarelix for treating advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer
- Interventions for preventing injuries in the construction industry
- Topical corticosteroids for treating phimosis in boys
- Abnormal menstrual bleeding
- Positive end‐expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Infertility
- Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers
- USPSTF 2017 finds uncertain benefit of behavioral counseling for low-risk adults without obesity (C recommendation)